During the census every inhabitant of Indonesian nationality was asked after the district where he or she was born. With a view to this some 17 districts were distinguished within the D.I. Jogjakarta viz. 4 in the kabupaten Sleman, 6 in Bantul, 3 in Kulon Progo, 3 in Gunung Kidul, and the town was taken for one district. Thus could be traced what the number of inhabitants of the district that were also born there amounted to. In this group the native district was the same as the district of residence. As a criterion of residence was accepted a minimum stay of 6 months within a district, or the intention of staying there for that length of time. It was checked which percentage of the population was born in the district of residence, which in another district but of the same kabupaten, which in another district, but within the D.I. Jogjakarta, and which had come from another province. From these data it appears within what limits the immigrants move about. See Table II – 8.
Table II – 8
The relation between district of residence and native district of the Indonesian population in the
D.I. Jogjakarta in 1930.
It appeared that only 2.7% of the population was born outside the D.I. Jogjakarta. From the more detailed figures of the census 1930 it was concluded that in three of the four kabupatens (viz. Sleman,Bantul,Kulon Progo) and the city of Jogjakarta the percentage of women coming from other parts of the daerah, who have therefore migrated within it, is higher than that of the men who did so. Also in the province of Central-Java a greater number of migrated women than the number of immigrant men were counted in practically all kabupatens and towns. In the D.I. Jogjakarta of every 100 women 10.7 were considered to be immigrants either coming from elsewhere in the daerah, or from without. Of every 100 men the figure was 7.9. In the province of Central-Java the percentage was 8.9 and 8.6 respectively. The places outside the D.I. Jogjakarta where the 37.956 immigrants came from were in more than 91% of the cases the other provinces of the island Java. The groups of immigrants coming from other parts of Java comprised 2.3% of the total Indonesian population in the D.I. Jogjakarta. Only 5.4% of the immigrants came from the other island of the country and comprised to 0.14% of the Indonesian Jogjakarta-population. The others did not know their birthplace or were born outside the country.
The drift to the city of Jogjakarta.
The only area within the D.I. Jogjakarta that could be called an immigration area is the city of Jogjakarta. Thirty-three per cent. of the population appeared to be born elsewhere viz. 40,227 inhabitants of the total 121,979 Indonesians living in the town. When compared to some other towns in the province of Central-Java this figure may be called rather high. Both in the big and the small towns of Central-Java there appeared to be a great drift to these towns.
Table II – 9
The proportion of the immigrants to the total Indonesians population in 3 towns of the D.I. Jogjakarta and 4 of the province Central-Java in 1930.
The lowest figure for some small places varied from 6 to 8 per cent. The high figures for Tjilatjap and Tjepu resp. 55% and 48% can be explained from both towns being situated in what is clearly an immigration area. The immigrants that settled in the city of Jogjakarta came for the greater part viz. 58.5% from the D.I. Jogjakarta and from the province of Central-Java viz. 29.6% Those from other parts of the D.I. Jogjakarta were particularly former residents of the kabupaten Bantul.
Table II – 10
Place of origin of the immigrants, who were born in the D.I. Jogjakarta and settled in the capital (Oct.1930).
There appeared to be no more recent figures concerning immigration at the office of Civil Registration.
Emigration.
When considering the D.I. Jogjakarta as a whole as an emigration-centre, we must exclude all the changes within the daerah that was discussed in the section immigration. The emigrants that had left Jogjakarta for other parts of Indonesia appeared to be distributed over the other provinces in the following way.
Table II – 11
Regions of Settlement in Indonesia, where the emigrants of the D.I. Jogjakarta were counted at the census of 1930.
The number of emigrants clearly surpasses the number of immigrants. There were counted 146,948 emigrants from D.I. Jogjakarta, in the other parts of Indonesia and 37,956 immigrants who settled in the D.I. Jogjakarta. The emigrants settling in the province of West-Java, went especially to the big towns: Djakarta, Bandung, and Djatinegara, while also in the East-Tasikmalaja area more than 1,200 emigrants from Jogjakarta were counted. The emigrants going to the island of Sumatera settled particularly along the eastern seaboard and the Atjeh area, where they were mostly employed in the plantations. Of 60,609 emigrants from Jogjakarta on Sumatra 43,457 lived in these two areas. Also in Palembang and in the Lampong area comparatively many emigrants from Jogjakarta were found: 3,992 and 4,878 respectively. The island of Sumatera appeared to be an important emigration-area for the island of Java, for nearly 10 per cent. of the total population of Sumatera was found to be born in Java and Madura, i.e. 767,570 people. The emigrants coming from Jogjakarta came particularly from the kabupatens Sleman, Bantul and Kulon Progo, whereas only very few emigrants were found to be natives of Gunung Kidul. In the sparsely populated island of Kalimantan (about 4 inhabitants per square km.) only few emigrants from Jogjakarta were found; most emigrants from Jogjakarta were counted in the towns of Tarakan (460), Balikpapan (396), Pontianak (91), and Bandjirmasin (89). In all these cases, just as in Sumatera, there was a surplus of men. In the island of Sulawesi most emigrants lived in the city of Makassar. Of the 303 emigrants from the D.I. Jogjakarta 191 lived in this town. The native Kalimaten, Sulawsi, and the eastern part of Indonesia appeared to be the kabupatens Sleman, Kulon Progo, and Bantul. Here, too, very few emigrants came from the Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Which raises the assumption that its stay-at-home population is much attached to its native ground. The more recent figures are mentioned in Chapter XIV, Transmigration.